Lubrication, Friction and Wear

• Lubrication and Formation of lubricating film
• Hydrodynamic and hydrostatic lubrication
• Importance of viscosity and temperature
• Mechanisms of wear and their causes

Fundamentals of lubricants

• Mineral oils, partially synthetic and synthetic oils in comparison
• Charactersitics and areas of application of Mineral oils, hydrocrack, PAO, Ester oils and polyglycols, especially in the area of greases
• Types, active principle and application of lubricants addtives
• Grease thickener: Soap based and soap-free thickener, characteristic and important applications of particular thickener

Lubricants for combustion engines

• Requirements for engine oils and their charactersitics
• Differences of engine oils in comparison to other lubricants
• Oil requirements for diesel- and Otto engines
• Specialties for the operation with biodiesel, plant oils or propane gas
• Types of engine oils and their areas of application
• Low-SAPS, additives, soot content and alkalinity
• Suitability for systems for after-systems of exhaust gases
• ACEA, API, Jasum-specifications

Operational alterations of lubricating oils

• Application-specific strain and oil aeging
• Oil oxidation, hydrolysis and cracking
• Reduction of alkalic reserves, antioxidants and other additives
• Contamination through water, dust, soot, sludge, fuel
• Ashes and their consequences
• Mixture of different engine oils
• Influence of glycol (cooling water), biogenous fuels on oils
• Visible changes: cloudiness, contamination and phase separation

Characteristics of biogenous fuels

• Pilot injection engines
• RME/Biodiesel, plant oils: special characteristics
• Bioethanol
• Consequences for engine operation and the engine oil in comparison to conventional fuels
• Reduction and optimization of oil changing intervals

Oil analysis for engine oils

• Oil analyses
  Why, when, how often?
  Methods and tools for taking samples
  Necessary information, sample receipt
  Customer portal: laboratory reports, sample input, searches
  Data transfer to a maintenance programme.
• Analysis methods
  Areas of application and informative value of analysis methods
  Determination of wear parameters: element analysis, PQ index
  Characteristic values for the oil condition: viscosity, FT-IR analysis, oxidation, nitration, sulphation, acidity, AN, i-pH, SAN
  Additive degradation: antioxidants, FT-IR and RULER, BN compared to AN
  Contaminants: Water, antifreeze, fuel, soot, sludge, acids
  Recognising mixtures of different engine oils
• Evaluation of laboratory values
  Define warning and limit values
  Recognising unusual wear and known oil types on the laboratory report
  Evaluating reports from the field